ABSTRACT
First- and second-year optometry students have difficulty learning
basic and clinical aspects of binocular vision. I have developed
dynamic software "sketches" and an accompanying handbook that describe
principles of binocular vision and anomalies and allow the student to
test their understanding of those principles. There is also a section
on monocular cues for space perception. The book and software are
entitled Binocular Vision and Space Perception with the Optometer's
Sketchpad.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SOFTWARE
The software was written using the application, The Geometer's
Sketchpad, a product of Key
Curriculum Press.
The software sketches generally have three parts. 1) A World View: an
overhead view (sometimes sideview) of the situation (e.g., two eyes, a
couple of objects ahead, visual axes, the horopter, etc.). 2) Text
giving the values of some key elements in the World View (e.g., the
vergence of the eyes). 3) A Perceptual View: a red-green anaglyph that
presents stereoscopically the situation in the World View (for the
monocular section, it is simply a single image in proper perspective).
All sketch parts are linked and updated in real time. The student
explores the concepts in each sketch by changing the World View (by
clicking and dragging with the mouse) and observing the consequences in
the Text and Perceptual View. The sketches were used successfully by
Professor Martin
S
Banks for lectures and lab assignments in the Binocular Vision
& Space Perception course at the UC Berkeley School of Optometry.
DESCRIPTION OF THE HANDBOOK
The accompanying handbook describes the concepts under examination in
each sketch and tells the student how to step through them. At the end
of each section in the handbook, there are several questions that the
students are invited to answer in order to test their understanding of
the concepts.
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR USING SOFTWARE
Macintosh
Hardware: Mac Plus or higher including PowerMac.
Monitor: 14" color monitor or larger. The labs need 16" or larger for
effective use.
Memory: 1MB or more.
Software: System 6 or more recent.
PC
Hardware: 386 or higher.
Monitor: 14" color monitor or larger. The labs need 16" or larger for
effective use.
Memory: 4MB or more.
Software: Windows 3.1 or later.
ORDERING INFORMATION
The final version of the Binocular Vision and Space Perception
with the Optometer's Sketchpad will be available in Fall, 1996. The
projected cost of the handbook and the software is $60, but this is
subject to change. With your shipment, you will receive diskettes for
the Macintosh and the PC. No other software is needed to run this
software.
To order Binocular Vision and Space Perception, contact:
Key Curriculum Press
2512 Martin Luther King, Jr Way
Berkeley, CA 94704
800-995-MATH
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I: INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1: Introduction to book & software
1.1: Itinerary for the book
1.2: Use of the software
1.2.A: Introduction to Geometer's Sketchpad
1.2.B: World View & Perceptual View
1.2.C: Viewing anaglyphs
Part II: PRINCIPLES OF BINOCULAR VISION & STEREOPSIS
Chapter 2: Basics
2.1: Coordinate systems
2.2: Visual lines & axes
2.3: Binocular eye movements
2.3.A: Demonstration of Hering's Law
2.4: The visual field
Chapter 3: Visual Direction & Correspondence
3.1: Perceived visual direction
3.1.A: Illusions of perceived direction
3.2: Retinal correspondence
3.3: Horizontal horopter
3.3.A: Geometric horizontal horopter
3.3.B: Empirical horizontal horopter lab
3.3.C: Typical results
3.4: Fusion
3.4.A: Fusion limits lab
3.4.B: Panum's area
3.5: Correspondence problem
3.5.A: Disparity gradient
3.5.B: Double-nail illusion
Chapter 4: Disparity & Stereopsis
4.1: Retinal disparity
4.2: Disparity & distance
4.3: Disparity & stereopsis
4.4: Stereoacuity lab
Chapter 5: Vertical disparity
5.1: Definition of vertical disparity
5.2: Vertical horopter
5.2.A: Geometric vertical horopter
5.2.B: Empirical vertical horopter lab
5.2.C: Typical results
Chapter 6: Stereoscopic surface perception
6.1: Apparent frontoparallel plane
6.1.A: Apparent frontoparallel plane lab
6.1.B: Typical results
6.1.C: Curved surfaces
6.2: Horizontal disparity with slanted & curved surfaces
6.2.A: Slant about vertical axis
6.2.B: Geometric effect lab
6.2.C: Slant about horizontal axis
6.3: Disparity field with slanted surfaces
6.3.A: Slant about vertical & horizontal axes
6.3.B: Changes in gaze angle
6.3.C: Induced effect
6.4: Disparity field and absolute distance
Chapter 7: Dynamic stereopsis
7.1: Motion in depth
7.1.A: Pulfrich Effect
Chapter 8: Stereograms
8.1: Random-dot stereograms
8.2: Autostereograms: The Magic Eye
Part III: CLINICAL ASPECTS OF BINOCULAR VISION & STEREOPSIS
Chapter 9: Accommodation & convergence
9.A: AC/A ratio
9.B: Fixation disparity lab
9.B.1: Normal and anomalous results
9.C: Prisms
Chapter 10: Anisometropia & aniseikonia
10.A: Horizontal horopter in aniseikonia
10.B: Aniseikonia & perceived slant lab
10.C: Clinical tests of aniseikonia
10.C.1: Space eikonometer
10.C.2: Others
10.D: Geometric effects of spectacles
Chapter 11: Strabismus
11.A: Strabismic deviations
11.A.1: Optic & visual axes
11.A.2: Heterophoria & heterotropia
11.A.3: Comitant & non-comitant eye movements
11.A.4: Clinical tests
11.A.4.a: Cover test
11.A.4.b: Cover and prism test
11.B: Normal & anomalous correspondence
11.C: Clinical tests of correspondence
11.C.1: Worth 4-dot
11.C.2: Bielchowsky
11.C.3: Maddox
11.C.4: Afterimage
11.C.5: Bagolini
11.D. Horizontal horopter in strabismus
Part IV: MONOCULAR CUES TO SPACE PERCEPTION
Chapter 12: Static depth cues
12.A: Relative & familiar size
12.B: Linear perspective
12.B.1: One-point perspective
12.B.2: Two-point perspective
12.C: Texture gradient
12.D: Occlusion
Chapter 13: Motion-based depth cues
13.A. Motion parallax
13.A.1: Perceiving slant
13.B: Optic flow field
13.B.1: Perceiving heading
13.B.2: Looming
13.B.3: Time to collision
13.C: Kinetic depth effect
Chapter 14: Combining monocular & binocular information